{"id":7090,"date":"2026-10-16T08:15:36","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T08:15:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/?page_id=7090"},"modified":"2026-10-16T08:44:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T08:44:51","slug":"bio-utility-municipal-waste-water-treatment-proposal-dhaka-plant","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/bio-utility-municipal-waste-water-treatment-proposal-dhaka-plant\/","title":{"rendered":"Bio-Utility: Municipal Waste Water Treatment Proposal &#8211; Dhaka Plant"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7090\" class=\"elementor elementor-7090\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49a22db2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"49a22db2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6623d12e elementor-widget elementor-widget-patara-banner-image\" data-id=\"6623d12e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"patara-banner-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t<!-- Header Banner -->\n\t<header class=\"header\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"banner-header full-height valign bg-img bg-fixed text-center\" data-overlay-dark=\"1\" data-background=\"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Bio-Utility-Next-to-an-Earth-Fish-Pond.png\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12 offset-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pt-slider-title1-class\">Bio-Utility<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"pt-slider-title2-class\">Bio-Utility - For the Microbial Treatment of Wastewater and Rubbish<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- button scroll -->\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"##\" data-scroll-nav=\"1\" class=\"mouse smoothscroll\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"mouse-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"mouse-wheel\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\n\t<\/header>\t\t\n\t\t\t\n    \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-144c061 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"144c061\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26b7cdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26b7cdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bio-Utility - Wastewater Treatment Research Pilot Proposal for the Dhaka, Bangladesh Plant<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2bc8ed e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-cd27b9c \" data-id=\"a2bc8ed\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"a2bc8ed\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-addc7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"addc7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c75770 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-8ce7d0c \" data-id=\"3c75770\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"3c75770\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a30883b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a30883b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800080; text-decoration: underline;\">Field Evaluation of a Bacillus-Based Microbial Product (Bio-Utility) for Improving Lagoon Treatment of Municipal Sewage in Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">To: The Managing Director, Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Dhaka WASA), WASA Bhaban, 98 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka 1215<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Subject: Proposal for pilot trial of Bio-Utility in one sewage lagoon<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dear Sir or Madam,<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4>\n<h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>1. Summary<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We propose a 12-week controlled field trial to measure how far Bio-Utility, a liquid microbial product based on <em>Bacillus<\/em>, reduces <strong>odour<\/strong> and <strong>sludge accumulation<\/strong> in an existing sewage lagoon, with BOD\u2085, COD and ammonia as secondary outcomes. Plant staff and neighbours notice odour and sludge first, and the volume of sludge determines how often the lagoon must be desludged. Peer-reviewed studies of <em>Bacillus<\/em>, together with the manufacturer&#8217;s own results, suggest that substantial reductions in odour, sludge and BOD\u2085 are possible (Section 4). Whether such reductions are achieved on Dhaka sewage is the question the trial answers. To answer it, one treated lagoon is compared with an untreated control lagoon, and success is judged against thresholds agreed in writing before dosing begins.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The trial requires no new infrastructure, no change to the plant&#8217;s process and no commitment to purchase.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4>\n<h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>2. Background and problem statement<br><\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b><br><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2.1 Lagoon treatment of sewage in Dhaka<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant, Dhaka&#8217;s long-established sewage plant, treats sewage by grit removal, primary sedimentation, facultative lagoons, chlorination and sludge lagoons, with a design flow of 120,000 m\u00b3\/day [1, 2]. Published evaluations describe three recurring problems, listed here in the order in which plant staff and the public notice them:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A study of the plant recorded &#8220;an obnoxious and foul smell even at the fag end of the plant&#8221; [2].<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sludge and low oxygen.<\/strong> Anoxia was recorded three times in 10 months in lagoon no. 1 [3], and the sludge lagoons are a known operational problem [1].<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Organic overload and non-compliance.<\/strong> An evaluation published in 2020 measured influent BOD\u2085 of 832 mg\/L and effluent BOD\u2085 of 497.5 mg\/L, against design values of 120 mg\/L and 50 mg\/L [1].<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dhaka WASA is reconstructing and expanding Pagla as a 200 MLD plant under the Dhaka Sanitation Improvement Project [7]. The trial is therefore offered for any lagoon that Dhaka WASA continues to operate, at Pagla or elsewhere, and its results would also apply to lagoon and pond systems run by other authorities.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4>\n<h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>2.2 Discharge standards<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Effluent discharged to surface and inland waters must meet Schedule 3 of the Environment Conservation Rules, 2023 [5], which replaced the 1997 Rules from 5 March 2023. The limits, as reproduced in a 2025 Environmental Impact Assessment filed with the Department of Environment [6], are:<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No.<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"227\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Parameter<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"173\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unit<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Limit<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">BOD\u2085<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nitrate<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">50<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Phosphate<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Suspended solids<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">100<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Temperature<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00b0C<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Total coliform<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CFU\/100 mL<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1,000<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">pH<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2013<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6\u20139<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">COD<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">150<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"40\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oil and grease<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">mg\/L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"162\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sewage must be chlorinated before final discharge, with residual chlorine not exceeding 0.2 mg\/L [6].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The gap between measured effluent quality [1] and these limits is large, and we do not claim that microbial dosing alone can close it. The trial therefore leads with odour and sludge, the two outcomes that staff and neighbours can observe directly, and measures any improvement in BOD\u2085 and COD as a secondary benefit.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>3. The Product<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bio-Utility is a liquid microbial product made in Thailand by fermenting sugarcane molasses with cultures of <em>Bacillus<\/em>, <em>Nitrosomonas<\/em>, <em>Nitrobacter<\/em> and <em>Pseudomonas<\/em> [8, 9]. Its guaranteed minimum total plate count is 1.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 CFU\/mL. The <em>Bacillus<\/em> in the product are present largely as endospores. Endospores resist harsh conditions [15] and germinate and multiply once they reach nutrient-rich wastewater, so the active population may increase after dosing as spores germinate. The supplier describes it as natural, chemical-free and non-pathogenic, containing both aerobic and anaerobic organisms [9].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Safety basis.<\/strong> The principal organism is a <em>Bacillus<\/em> species that holds Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status with the European Food Safety Authority, with the qualification that each strain must be shown to lack toxigenic activity [10]. <em>Bacillus<\/em> is also already the dominant Gram-positive genus in the Pagla plant&#8217;s own microbial community [4], so the trial adds an organism type that is native to the system rather than a foreign one.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>How it is expected to work.<\/strong> <em>Bacillus<\/em> secretes enzymes that break complex organic matter into soluble compounds, some strains remove ammonium under fully aerobic conditions [13, 14], and spore-forming <em>Bacillus<\/em> survive the low-oxygen conditions of sludge layers [15]. Annex A gives more detail.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>4. Review of the evidence<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>4.1 Peer-reviewed studies<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The table summarises peer-reviewed field, pilot and laboratory studies of <em>Bacillus<\/em> in wastewater, sludge and organic waste. Where a study reports a range, the conservative end is shown. None of the studies tested Bio-Utility itself.<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Study<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Setting<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reported effect (conservative end)<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Relevance and limits<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">El-Zanfaly et al., 2010 [22]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Field septic tanks treating real domestic sewage, Upper Egypt (warm climate); five Bacillus species added, re-dosed every 30\u201345 days<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Effluent BOD\u2085 47\u201352% lower, TSS 41\u201354% lower and COD 24\u201352% lower than in tanks without additive*; sludge volume reduction reported<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Closest match: real domestic sewage, field scale, warm climate, Bacillus only<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Qi et al., 2025 [23]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Anaerobic wastewater, strain screening<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u2082S emission 42.67% lower with Bacillus<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Direct measurement of H\u2082S from wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Li et al., 2022 [24]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Waste activated sludge from a 90,000 m\u00b3\/day plant, bioaugmentation with sludge-derived bacteria including a Bacillus strain<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Total suspended solids of sludge 21.2\u201326.7% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Laboratory scale; best strain was not Bacillus<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hwang et al., 2023 [11]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Swine manure, 400 L reactors, commercial Bacillus product, surface spraying<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">COD and volatile solids 3% lower than control; sulphur-compound odour emissions 20% lower; ammonia emissions 40% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Real organic waste with a control; manure is stronger than sewage<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ismail &amp; Jaeel, 2013 [12]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Actual domestic wastewater, continuous flow, &gt;45 days<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">COD removal 90% with Bacillus vs 84% with activated sludge inoculum; residual COD 37.5% lower (10% vs 16% of influent)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Real domestic sewage; reactor is a microbial fuel cell, not a lagoon<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yang et al., 2011 [13]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bacillus strain A1, laboratory<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20.4% of ammonium-N removed as gas in 120 h<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Single strain in laboratory medium<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yang et al., 2017 [14]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bacillus sp. K5, sequencing batch reactor, synthetic municipal wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">COD 98% and NH\u2084\u207a-N 95% removal by the whole system<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shows the upper potential of a Bacillus-augmented system; synthetic wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"117\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Seo et al., 2017 [15]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"167\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pilot-scale aerobic sludge digestion dominated by Bacillus<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"163\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">90.1% of sludge organic matter removed<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"155\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Supports the sludge mechanism; dedicated digestion process, not lagoon dosing<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">* Calculated from the removal percentages reported in [22], pairing the lowest removal with additive against the highest removal without additive. For example, BOD\u2085 removal of at least 93% with additive versus at most 85.5% without leaves 7% versus 14.5% of the influent BOD\u2085 in the effluent, i.e. 52% less.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Synthesis.<\/strong> The most relevant study, a field trial of <em>Bacillus<\/em> in septic tanks treating real domestic sewage in a warm climate, shows effluent BOD\u2085 about half that of untreated tanks [22]. <em>Bacillus<\/em> reduced H\u2082S emission from wastewater by about 43% [23], and bioaugmentation reduced sludge solids by 21\u201327% at laboratory scale [24] and sludge organic matter by 90% in a Bacillus-dominated pilot [15]. Taken together with the manufacturer&#8217;s results (Section 4.2), these studies suggest that substantial improvements in odour, sludge and BOD\u2085 are possible; the estimated ranges are given in Section 7. A review of bioaugmentation cautions that results at full scale can be lower than in experimental systems [16], which is why we propose a controlled trial before any purchase.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>4.2 Results reported by the manufacturer<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The manufacturer&#8217;s technical documentation reports the following results from earlier applications of Bio-Utility [20]. These figures have not been published in peer-reviewed literature or independently verified, and they come from wastewater types other than municipal sewage. They are given for context. Together with the peer-reviewed results, they inform the expected performance range in Section 7.<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Application reported [20]<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reported result<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wastewater type<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Various treatment systems<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">BOD reduction 40\u201390%; COD reduction 30\u201380%<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mixed; range depends on the system<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tannery effluent<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Up to 88% COD and 92% TSS removal<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Industrial<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Treatment lagoons<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Average 56% sludge reduction<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lagoon systems<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Swine wastewater, combined with polyaluminium chloride<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Up to 92% COD, 91% ammonia and 93% phosphorus removal<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Livestock<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shrimp farm effluent, Vietnam<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"220\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In use; listed among the product&#8217;s applications [8]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aquaculture<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The manufacturer&#8217;s figures lie within or above the range supported by the field studies above [22, 23]. The trial is designed to establish which range applies to Dhaka sewage.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>5. Objectives and hypotheses<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Primary objective:<\/strong> to measure the effect of Bio-Utility dosing on odour (H\u2082S) and sludge accumulation in a full-scale sewage lagoon.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Secondary objectives:<\/strong> to measure the effect on effluent BOD\u2085, COD, ammonia-N and TSS; to confirm that disinfection performance and effluent coliform compliance are unaffected; and to establish a dose and cost per cubic metre for scale-up, including the saving in desludging cost (Section 10).<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Hypothesis (H\u2081):<\/strong> during the treatment period, H\u2082S and the organic mass of bottom sludge in the treated lagoon differ from those in the control lagoon, after allowing for baseline differences. <strong>Null hypothesis (H\u2080):<\/strong> no difference between treated and control lagoons beyond baseline variation.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6. Methods<br><\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b><br><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.1 Design<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A before\u2013after\/control\u2013impact design: two lagoons of similar size, inflow and condition are selected with Dhaka WASA staff, one treated and one untreated control. Both are monitored during a baseline period and a treatment period, so that seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall and inflow affect both equally. If no suitable control lagoon exists, the treated lagoon is compared with its own baseline, and this limitation is stated in the report.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.2 Site<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lagoon dimensions are confirmed at the site survey. For planning, this proposal uses a reference lagoon of 120 m \u00d7 85 m \u00d7 2 m (20,400 m\u00b3) [9]. Existing aerators continue to operate and disinfection is not changed.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.3 Duration<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twelve weeks: two weeks of baseline, eight weeks of treatment, and two weeks of final measurement and reporting. The supplier&#8217;s guidance indicates a full treatment cycle of about 30\u201335 days, or about 21 days with aeration [9], so the eight-week treatment period covers at least two cycles.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.4 Dosing<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The product is diluted with water and sprayed over the lagoon surface, or poured in at the inlet if spraying is impractical, and distributed by the aerators [9]. Surface spraying is preferred, as it gave the larger odour and ammonia reductions in [11]. Doses are per volume of water in the lagoon and are repeated every two weeks (weeks 3, 5, 7 and 9) [9].<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Water condition [9]<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dose per application<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reference lagoon (20,400 m\u00b3)<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Household-strength wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 L per 500\u20131,000 m\u00b3<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">about 20\u201341 L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mildly smelly wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 L per 300\u2013500 m\u00b3<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">about 41\u201368 L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Putrid, foul-smelling wastewater<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 L per 100\u2013300 m\u00b3<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">about 68\u2013204 L<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Because of the influent strength reported at Pagla [1] and the odour recorded there [2], the third level is the expected starting dose. Once odour has cleared, the dose is reduced to the maintenance rate of 1 L per 500 m\u00b3 every two weeks [9].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.5 pH, oxygen and temperature<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The supplier&#8217;s cultures work best near pH 7 [9]. pH values of 7.2\u20137.9 and temperatures of 26.9\u201327.5 \u00b0C have been measured at Pagla [4], so no pH adjustment is expected. Lime is added only if measured pH falls below 6.5, and never on assumption. Dissolved oxygen is measured at each sampling. If it is persistently low, aeration is increased within the existing equipment. Where supplementary aeration is needed, partial-mix aerated lagoons typically require 1\u20132 W per m\u00b3 of lagoon volume [17], and sizing is confirmed by a process engineer.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.6 Sampling and analysis<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Composite samples are taken at the inlet and outlet of both lagoons twice weekly, giving 4 baseline and 16 treatment samples per point. Analyses follow <em>Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater<\/em> [18] and are carried out by the plant laboratory or an agreed independent laboratory. Because sludge depth changes by only a few centimetres over 12 weeks, the sludge outcome is measured as the organic mass of the bottom sludge, which bacteria reduce within days [24]. Sludge cores are taken at a fixed grid of at least nine points per lagoon in weeks 2, 6, 10 and 12 and analysed for total and volatile solids, and the volatile solids per square metre of lagoon bed are calculated at each point. Sludge depth is also measured with a sludge judge at the same points and recorded for the longer-term accumulation rate. Hydrogen sulphide is measured at fixed points on the lagoon bank with a portable H\u2082S meter, alongside operator odour scoring and a log of complaints.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>6.7 Statistical analysis<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For each parameter, the treatment-period difference between treated and control lagoons is compared with the baseline difference. Differences are tested with a two-sided Mann\u2013Whitney U test at \u03b1 = 0.05, which does not assume normal distribution. Effect sizes are reported as percentage change with 95% confidence intervals. All raw data are shared with Dhaka WASA.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>7. Success criteria<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each threshold is set at the conservative end of the most relevant field or wastewater study for that parameter (Section 4.1). The expected range combines the peer-reviewed results with the manufacturer&#8217;s results (Section 4.2). A difference must also be statistically significant (Section 6.7). Thresholds are confirmed in writing before dosing begins. The expected ranges are estimates from the literature and are not performance guarantees.<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Parameter<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Frequency<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Success threshold (vs control)<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Expected range<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Basis<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Primary<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Odour (H\u2082S)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twice weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226530% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 40\u201370% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Below the 42.67% reduction in H\u2082S from wastewater [23] and at the upper end of the 20\u201330% reduction in manure [11]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bottom sludge: volatile solids per m\u00b2 (depth recorded)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Weeks 2, 6, 10, 12<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226520% lower change from baseline<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 40\u201370% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21.2\u201326.7% lower sludge solids within 120 h [24]; sludge reduction in Bacillus-seeded septic tanks [22]; 90.1% [15]; 56% average in lagoons [20]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Secondary<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">BOD\u2085<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twice weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226540% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 40\u201370% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">47\u201352% lower effluent BOD\u2085 in real domestic sewage [22]; 40\u201390% [20]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">COD<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twice weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226520% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 25\u201350% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24\u201352% lower [22]; 37.5% lower residual COD [12]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ammonia-N<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twice weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226520% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 20\u201340% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20.4% [13]; 40% [11]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TSS<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Twice weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u226540% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">About 40\u201355% lower<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">41\u201354% lower [22]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Process and safety<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">DO, pH, temperature<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each sampling<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recorded<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2013<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Process conditions<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"127\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Effluent coliforms, chlorine residual<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"83\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Weekly<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Within ECR 2023 limits<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2013<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Safety check [5, 6]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The trial is judged successful if both primary outcomes meet their thresholds, or one primary outcome and at least two secondary outcomes do, and the safety check is met. Results below the thresholds do not by themselves determine the product&#8217;s suitability at other sites, doses or treatment periods.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>8. Responsibilities<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Artemis &amp; Angel<\/strong> supplies Bio-Utility, provides the dosing protocol and training for plant staff, makes up to two site visits during the trial, and prepares a final report with all raw data. Travel costs and the scope of any further technical support are set out in the pilot agreement.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Dhaka WASA<\/strong> provides access to the treated and control lagoons, operates the existing aerators, carries out or arranges sampling and laboratory analysis, and shares flow and operating records.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>9. Timeline<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Weeks<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Activity<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1\u20132<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Site survey, selection of treated and control lagoons, baseline sampling including sludge cores in week 2, written agreement of thresholds<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3\u201310<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dosing in weeks 3, 5, 7 and 9; twice-weekly sampling; sludge cores in weeks 6 and 10<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11\u201312<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"502\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Final sampling and sludge cores, statistical analysis, joint review, written report<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>10. Expected cost and benefit at full scale<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main financial benefit is a lower desludging cost. Lagoon sludge must be removed periodically, and desludging is recommended once sludge fills about 30% of a pond&#8217;s volume, typically about every 15 years for primary facultative ponds in France [25]. Desludging in developing regions has been reported to cost US$29\u2013156 per m\u00b3 of sludge at 10% solids [26] (\u20ac20\u201383 per m\u00b3, mean \u20ac38, in France [25]). Sludge accumulates at about 0.021\u20130.08 m\u00b3 per person per year in primary ponds [25, 27], and heavily loaded ponds such as those at Pagla [1] can fill faster than this.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For the reference lagoon (20,400 m\u00b3), desludging at 30% filling removes about 6,120 m\u00b3 of sludge, costing about US$177,000\u2013955,000 per event. The table compares the annual saving from slower sludge accumulation with the annual product cost at the maintenance dose (1 L per 500 m\u00b3 every two weeks [9], about 1,060 L per year, or about <strong>US$15,900 per year<\/strong> at US$15 per litre).<\/span><\/h4>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sludge reduction<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Annual saving, desludging every 15 years [25]<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Annual saving, desludging every 5 years (heavily loaded pond, illustrative)<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">None (annual desludging cost)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$11,800\u201363,600<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$35,500\u2013190,900<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20% (success threshold)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$2,400\u201312,700<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$7,100\u201338,200<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40% (lower expected)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$4,700\u201325,500<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$14,200\u201376,400<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">70% (upper expected)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$8,300\u201344,600<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"228\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">US$24,800\u2013133,700<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Within the expected 40\u201370% range, the sludge saving alone covers the product cost if desludging is frequent or if desludging costs are in the middle or upper part of the reported range. The break-even sludge reduction is about 25% at the upper cost with 15-year desludging, and about 8\u201345% with 5-year desludging. The reduction in odour, which affects staff and neighbouring communities, and any improvement in effluent quality are additional benefits not counted here. The trial measures the reduction in sludge organic mass. With continued dosing and sludge-depth monitoring for 6\u201312 months after the trial, the accumulation rate can then be measured directly, and this estimate can be replaced with site data.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>11. Budget and commercial terms<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Product for the pilot.<\/strong> Four applications to the reference lagoon require about 80\u2013820 litres, depending on its condition (Section 6.4). At the reference price of US$15 per litre CIF Chittagong this is about US$1,200\u201312,300, and about US$4,100\u201312,300 at the expected starting dose. Pilot pricing is subject to agreement.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Laboratory analysis<\/strong> is carried out by Dhaka WASA or an agreed laboratory. If an external laboratory is used, its cost is agreed before the start.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>After the pilot.<\/strong> If the agreed criteria are met, Artemis &amp; Angel would be pleased to quote for full-scale use based on the dose and results measured in the trial. Supplier credit in the form of product can be discussed, for example an initial deposit with the balance by a 12-month letter of credit, and longer-term pricing can also be discussed. All terms are subject to contract. The pilot creates no commitment to purchase.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>12. Safety and regulatory status<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The product is supplied as natural and non-pathogenic [9], and its principal organism belongs to a QPS-listed <em>Bacillus<\/em> species [10].<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A certificate of analysis from an ISO\/IEC 17025-accredited laboratory, such as Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co., Ltd. [21], and a safety data sheet can be provided on request. The scope of testing, for example species identification and pathogen screening, is agreed with Dhaka WASA in the pilot agreement.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Genetically modified organisms require approval under the Bangladesh Biosafety Rules, 2012 [19]. Bio-Utility is made from naturally occurring cultures [8], so we expect it to be imported under ordinary import procedures. Artemis &amp; Angel will work with Dhaka WASA to identify and apply for any import permit or Department of Environment clearance that the authorities require.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Disinfection and all other treatment stages continue unchanged, and effluent coliforms and chlorine residual are monitored throughout.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>13. Limitations<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Results depend on oxygen supply, temperature, organic load and retention time, and may differ between lagoons and seasons.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A 12-week trial measures short-term effects. The sludge outcome is therefore based on the organic mass of the sludge, and a reduction in the long-term accumulation rate can be confirmed only by monitoring sludge depth for 6\u201312 months.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bio-Utility is a biological treatment. It does not replace disinfection or the plant&#8217;s physical treatment stages, and Dhaka WASA remains responsible for meeting its discharge requirements.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>14. Next steps<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We propose an initial meeting and site visit. Beforehand, we would be grateful for: lagoon layout and dimensions; current flow data; recent BOD\u2085, COD, TSS, ammonia and phosphorus results; pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen records; and sludge survey records. We would then agree the lagoons, thresholds and start date together.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thank you for considering this proposal.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yours faithfully,<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Artemis &amp; Angel Co. Ltd.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Annex A: Mechanisms of Action<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Aerobic degradation.<\/strong> Where dissolved oxygen is present, bacteria use organic matter as food and convert it mainly to carbon dioxide, water and new cells. Oxygen comes from aerators and, in facultative lagoons, from algae near the surface.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enzymes.<\/strong> <em>Bacillus<\/em> secretes hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, amylases and cellulases, which break complex organic matter into soluble compounds that the wider microbial community can take up.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Nitrogen removal.<\/strong> Some <em>Bacillus<\/em> strains carry out heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification, converting ammonium to nitrogen gas in the presence of oxygen [13, 14]. The <em>Nitrosomonas<\/em> and <em>Nitrobacter<\/em> in the product carry out conventional nitrification where conditions allow [8].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sludge.<\/strong> Spore-forming <em>Bacillus<\/em> survive in harsh, low-oxygen conditions and may use dead microbial cells for growth, which is the proposed basis for sludge reduction [15]. Bacteria added to septic tanks treating domestic sewage reduce retained organic matter to soluble compounds and gases, which further reduces sludge volume, particularly in warm climates [22]. Accumulated sludge releases soluble organics and ammonia back into the water, so slower accumulation also helps effluent quality [17].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Odour.<\/strong> Hydrogen sulphide and other foul odours arise under septic, low-oxygen conditions. An active aerobic population and adequate oxygen reduce their source [9, 11].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Multiple ponds.<\/strong> Where several ponds are available in series, water can be moved to the next pond about every 30\u201335 days and treatment continued [9].<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>\n<\/h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b><br><\/b><\/span><\/h3><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>Annex B: Product Data<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n<table width=\"602\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Items<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Details<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Product name<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bio-Utility<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Origin<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thailand<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Form<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Concentrated brown-black liquid<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Process<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fermentation of sugarcane molasses with bacterial cultures [8]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Organisms<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bacillus (principal organism), Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Pseudomonas [8, 9]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Minimum plate count<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 CFU\/mL guaranteed (total plate count, pour-plate and spread-plate methods)<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Description<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Natural, chemical-free, non-pathogenic microbial liquid with aerobic and anaerobic organisms [9]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Recommended pH<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Near neutral (about pH 7); cultures tolerate down to pH 4 [8, 9]<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Packaging<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1-litre bottles; 20-litre containers; 200-litre drums<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shipping<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">80 \u00d7 200-litre drums per 20-foot container = 16,000 litres, about 20,800 kg<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Documents available on request<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"428\">\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Certificate of analysis from an ISO\/IEC 17025-accredited laboratory [21]; safety data sheet<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<h4><h3><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><b>References<\/b><\/span><\/h3><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[1]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Islam, A. F., Tabassum, F., &amp; Khandaker, N. R. (2020). Performance evaluation and sustainable, cost-effective and energy-efficient process enhancement measures for Pagla sewage treatment plant, Bangladesh. <em>iCRBE Procedia<\/em>, 150\u2013164. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32438\/icrbe.202003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32438\/icrbe.202003<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Amin, A. F. M. S., Shamsuddin, S. A. J., &amp; Alam, M. M. (1998). Optimisation of sewage treatment process at Pagla. In <em>Proceedings of the 24th WEDC Conference: Sanitation and Water for All<\/em>, Islamabad, Pakistan. WEDC, Loughborough University. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2134\/28548\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2134\/28548<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[3]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gani, M. A., Alfasane, M. A., &amp; Khondker, M. (2011). Limnology of wastewater treatment lagoons at Pagla, Narayanganj. <em>Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 40<\/em>(1), 35\u201340. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bjb.v40i1.7995\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bjb.v40i1.7995<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[4]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Saha, M. L., Alam, A., Khan, M. R., &amp; Hoque, S. (2012). Bacteriological, physical and chemical properties of the Pagla sewage treatment plant&#8217;s water. <em>Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences, 21<\/em>(1), 1\u20138. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/dujbs.v21i1.9739\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/dujbs.v21i1.9739<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[5]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government of the People&#8217;s Republic of Bangladesh. (2023). <em>Environment Conservation Rules, 2023<\/em> (S.R.O. No. 53-Law\/2023), Schedule 3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecolex.org\/details\/legislation\/environment-conservation-rules-2023-sro-no-53-lex-faoc219240\/\">https:\/\/www.ecolex.org\/details\/legislation\/environment-conservation-rules-2023-sro-no-53-lex-faoc219240\/<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[6]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Environest Engineering. (2025). <em>Environmental impact assessment (EIA): Army Institute of Physiotherapy &amp; Rehabilitation, Savar<\/em> (Table 2.6, Standards for sewage discharge, p. 29). Department of Environment, Bangladesh. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/objectstorage.ap-dcc-gazipur-1.oraclecloud15.com\/n\/axvjbnqprylg\/b\/V2Ministry\/o\/office-doe\/2024\/12\/45153a4acd1645d5be4a0c91cec8e4ba.pdf\">https:\/\/objectstorage.ap-dcc-gazipur-1.oraclecloud15.com\/n\/axvjbnqprylg\/b\/V2Ministry\/o\/office-doe\/2024\/12\/45153a4acd1645d5be4a0c91cec8e4ba.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[7]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dhaka WASA, Dhaka Sanitation Improvement Project. (n.d.). Pagla sewage treatment plant in progress. <em>DSIP Newsletter, Issue 27<\/em>. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/dsip.dwasa.org.bd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Newsletter-issue-27_9Dec.pdf\">https:\/\/dsip.dwasa.org.bd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Newsletter-issue-27_9Dec.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[8]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Artemis &amp; Angel Co. Ltd. (n.d.-a). <em>Bio-Utility<\/em>. Retrieved 16 October 2026, from <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/bio-utility\/\">https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/bio-utility\/<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[9]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Artemis &amp; Angel Co. Ltd. (n.d.-b). <em>Using Bio-Utility for wastewater treatment<\/em>. Retrieved 16 October 2026, from <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/using-bio-utility-for-wastewater-treatment-new\/\">https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/using-bio-utility-for-wastewater-treatment-new\/<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[10]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). (2023). Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA. <em>EFSA Journal, 21<\/em>(1), e07747. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7747\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7747<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[11]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hwang, O., Yun, Y.-M., &amp; Trabue, S. (2023). Impact of Bacillus subtilis on manure solids, odor, and microbiome. <em>Journal of Environmental Management, 333<\/em>, 117390. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117390\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117390<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[12]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ismail, Z. Z., &amp; Jaeel, A. J. (2013). Sustainable power generation in continuous flow microbial fuel cell treating actual wastewater: Influence of biocatalyst type on electricity production. <em>The Scientific World Journal, 2013<\/em>, 713515. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/713515\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/713515<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[13]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yang, X.-P., Wang, S.-M., Zhang, D.-W., &amp; Zhou, L.-X. (2011). Isolation and nitrogen removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying\u2013denitrifying bacterium, Bacillus subtilis A1. <em>Bioresource Technology, 102<\/em>(2), 854\u2013862. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.09.007\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.09.007<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[14]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yang, Y., Xie, L., Tao, X., Hu, K., &amp; Huang, S. (2017). Municipal wastewater treatment by the bioaugmentation of Bacillus sp. K5 within a sequencing batch reactor. <em>PLOS ONE, 12<\/em>(6), e0178837. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178837\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178837<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[15]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Seo, K. W., Choi, Y. S., Gu, M. B., Kwon, E. E., Tsang, Y. F., Rinklebe, J., &amp; Park, C. (2017). Pilot-scale investigation of sludge reduction in aerobic digestion system with endospore-forming bacteria. <em>Chemosphere, 186<\/em>, 202\u2013208. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.150\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.150<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[16]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Herrero, M., &amp; Stuckey, D. C. (2015). Bioaugmentation and its application in wastewater treatment: A review. <em>Chemosphere, 140<\/em>, 119\u2013128. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.10.033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.10.033<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[17]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). <em>Principles of design and operations of wastewater treatment pond systems for plant operators, engineers, and managers<\/em> (EPA\/600\/R-11\/088). Office of Research and Development. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2014-09\/documents\/lagoon-pond-treatment-2011.pdf\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2014-09\/documents\/lagoon-pond-treatment-2011.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[18]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D., &amp; Rice, E. W. (Eds.). (2017). <em>Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater<\/em> (23rd ed.). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.standardmethods.org\/\">https:\/\/www.standardmethods.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[19]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Government of the People&#8217;s Republic of Bangladesh. (2012). <em>Bangladesh Biosafety Rules, 2012<\/em>. Ministry of Environment and Forests. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/development.bangladeshbiosafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bangladesh_Biosafety_Rules_2012.pdf\">https:\/\/development.bangladeshbiosafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bangladesh_Biosafety_Rules_2012.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[20]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Artemis &amp; Angel Co. Ltd. (n.d.-c). <em>Bio-Utility: Technical information and application reports<\/em> [Unpublished company documentation]. Available from the manufacturer on request. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/contact\/\">https:\/\/artemisthai.com\/index.php\/contact\/<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[21]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (n.d.). <em>About us<\/em> [ISO\/IEC 17025 accreditation]. Retrieved 16 October 2026, from <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/centrallabthai.com\/index.php\/en\/about-us\/id-2\">https:\/\/centrallabthai.com\/index.php\/en\/about-us\/id-2<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[22]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El-Zanfaly, H. T., Mostafa, A., Mostafa, M., &amp; Fahim, I. (2010). Effect of bacterial additives on the performance of septic tanks for wastewater treatment in the Upper Egypt rural area. <em>WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 142<\/em>, 389\u2013400. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/SW100361\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/SW100361<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[23]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qi, Z., Jia, T., Cong, W., &amp; Xi, J. (2025). Screen of microbial strains to reduce H2S and CH4 emission from wastewater. <em>Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering, 19<\/em>(7). <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11783-025-2013-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11783-025-2013-8<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[24]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Li, J., Yang, X., Hu, A., Li, Y., Li, Y., Fu, L., &amp; Yu, C.-P. (2022). The performance and mechanism of sludge reduction by the bioaugmentation approach. <em>Life, 12<\/em>(10), 1649. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12101649\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12101649<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[25]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Picot, B., Sambuco, J. P., Brouillet, J. L., &amp; Riviere, Y. (2005). Wastewater stabilisation ponds: Sludge accumulation, technical and financial study on desludging and sludge disposal case studies in France. <em>Water Science and Technology, 51<\/em>(12), 227\u2013234. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2005.0469\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2005.0469<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[26]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oakley, S. M., Mendon\u00e7a, L. C., &amp; Mendon\u00e7a, S. R. (2012). Sludge removal from primary wastewater stabilization ponds with excessive accumulation: A sustainable method for developing regions. <em>Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2<\/em>(2), 68\u201378. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/washdev.2012.093\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/washdev.2012.093<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[27]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nelson, K. L., Cisneros, B. J., Tchobanoglous, G., &amp; Darby, J. L. (2004). Sludge accumulation, characteristics, and pathogen inactivation in four primary waste stabilization ponds in central Mexico. <em>Water Research, 38<\/em>(1), 111\u2013127. <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2003.09.013\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2003.09.013<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35559fd e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"35559fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0611e88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-patara-services-grid\" data-id=\"0611e88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"patara-services-grid.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"sec-services services\">\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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Wastewater Treatment Research Pilot Proposal for the Dhaka, Bangladesh Plant \u00a0 Field Evaluation of a Bacillus-Based Microbial Product (Bio-Utility) for Improving Lagoon Treatment of Municipal Sewage in Dhaka, Bangladesh &nbsp; To: The Managing Director, Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Dhaka WASA), WASA Bhaban, 98 Kazi Nazrul<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-7090","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bio-Utility: Municipal Waste Water Treatment Proposal - Dhaka Plant -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bio-Utility offers powerful microbial solutions for environmental remediation, 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